I.) THE ROMAN REPUBLIC (Online Resources)

1. Legenda for Moral Upbringing: Cincinnatus
2. Janus' Temple & the Appian Way
3. The Struggle of the Orders: Hierarchy and (or versus) Republic?
   • The Centuriate Assembly and the Cursus Honorem
   • Plebeians over Patricians: Concil of the Plebs & Tribunes of the People, 494
   • The Twelve Tables, ca. 450
   • Yeomen Plebs allowed to stand as magistrates, 367 and into the Senate
   • The Lex Hortensia, 287 -- binding plebiscita: A "Mixed Constitution"

II.) HANNIBAL'S LEGACY

1. The First Punic War; Roman Engineering of the Corvee, 264
2. Second Punic War & the Great Fear of Hannibal
   • Mens sana in corpore sano & Scipio Africanus' ingenuity in North Africa, 202
   • Scipio & family introduced new ideas into Roman morality
   • M. Portius Cato the Arch-Conservative of Rome (234-149) & The Macedonian (Balkan) Wars
   • Austere, sober, resolute tightwad: “pleasure as the greatest incentive to evil” p.121
   • Roman dominance leads to orderly rule, vs Socrates the “turbulent windbag” who deserved execution! p.145
   • Cato's Values vs, e.g., Scipio's barbers & cooks
   • Cato the Censor ousted sophist Carneades: Why?
   • Representing the Roman past: What policy/character?
   • Cato the home-schooler, the do-it-yourself-er
   • Oh, and by the way, “Cartago delenda est!”
   • On Cato's Life, TO DO: His attempts to 'Conserve' Values & Virtues, paragraph by paragraph

• Results of the Wars
  • Declining numbers of Yeomen Farmers
  • Increase in POWs and later of Freedmen: Loyalties?
  • Depressed land prices and aristocratic investments
  • The Latifundia; Roman Artifacts of Daily Life

III.) THE ROMAN (R)EVOLUTION, 133-31 B.C.

1. Tiberius Gracchus' insights and solutions; On Tiberius' Life, TO DO: Are his policies and ways "Liberal"?
2. History of The Struggle of the Orders
3. Tiberius Gracchus, Tribune of the People: First Liberal?

• To solve Latifundia Problems: T's oratory, p.162
• Senatorial rebuttal: "Redistribution of land," p.161
• Octavius' veto: where is the right in this?
  • Attalus' bequest, pp. 162 & 166 etc.
  • Social-Economic program for the good of the people and/or the good of Rome, denied.
• Plebian-Populare Marius' (157-86) Liberal Solutions Again
• Patrician-Optimate Sulla's (138-78) Conservative Solution

1. Marius & Sulla -- swaying Left and Right, soon to topple
2. First Triumvirate; Caesar becomes Dictator, 46 B.C.
3. Ides of March, 44 B.C.; New Clash of New Titans: Octavian vs Marc Antony
4. Augustus and the Pax Romana;  Classical Literature;
5. Roman Homes-Life (and Death) under Volcanic Mount Vesuvius: The City of Pompeii
   • Roman Men & Women; The Roman Coliseum
6. Britain: An Example of being part of the Roman Empire (Map -- very helpful for term papers!)
   • Stonehenge; Celtic to Roman Britain: Julius Caesar to Britannicus
   • The Channel was bridged, but not Scotland: Hadrian's Wall
   • The Good Life before the Invasions

IV.) ORIGINS AND EARLY PROGRESS OF CHRISTIANITY (Ante-&Post-Nicene Sources)

• Jewish hopes for a Political Messiah (Zealots), an accord (Saducees); Pharisees/Law
• A New "Exodus" from imperfect human to divinely saved: Jesus the Messiah
• Preaching Peace, Love, Community, Dignity of the Individual
• Crucifixion (Mount of Olives), Burial, Resurrection, Ascension
• Disciples take over; St Paul on the road to Damascus
• New Testament Canon, Councils, Missions, Apologies, Creeds: Early Church Sources; Map of the spread of Christianity
• Catacombs, e.g., A Governor's query about Christians to Emperor Trajan
• On the Great Issues: Christianity versus Classical on class, gender, economics: how does religion change the fundamentals, in theory....
• Constantine, 312: His Conversion & his Vision for Rome